chordal harmony - all parts move together (familiar choir texture)
at least two things happening but one is more important that the other
e.g., singing while playing the guitar or opera singer accompanied by an orchestra or a band vocalist singing the melody with the band’s accompaniment)
arias are always song texture
polyphony - two or more independent voices; most difficult to hear polyphony that follows strict “rules” is called counterpoint (rules for combining melodies; punctus contra punctum or “note against note”)
more than one voices but all of them are equally important
example(s): rounds (”Row, Row”, “Frere Jacques”) repetition; Exultate Deo (Palestrina); Bach - Art of Fugue: Contrapunctus I; Bach - Goldberg Var. 1
rounds (Row Row Row Your Boat) - singing the same melody but different starting points
my example(s): Step into the Water by The Cathedrals (Southern Gospel Music); Ievan Polkka [?] (Finnish Folk Song); God Only Knows (The Beach Boys); White Winter Hymnal (The Fleet Foxes)
Real-world example(s) that is/are ambiguous or complicated (intentionally)
e.g., Handel Messiah’s Hallelujah
has all kinds of different textures to parallel the lyrics
end of Monday lecture
Form
best thought of “organization” in time
same as “arrangement” (perhaps to some extent) or “structure” (perhaps in popular music or poetry)
difficulty of recognizing “form” in a temporal art
one can see form (balance, contrast, etc.) in sculpture and painting
balance/contrast are also important in creating musical form
really only two things you can do
the same thing (repetition) or something different (contrast)
variation is really a little of both
is a little bit different from the original but not so different as to be unrecognizable
notion of musical “structure” or arrangement of material